← ALL FIGURES
The figures
Scholars
Scholars who preserved, explained, organized, and defended religious knowledge.
2 PEOPLE
BY ERA
Nineteenth century · 1801–1900 · 2 FIGURES IN THIS ERA
Nineteenth-century liberalism
Alexis de Tocqueville
Analyzed democracy's promise and dangers, especially equality, association, religion, and majority power.
OPEN THE PROFILE →Nineteenth-century political thought
Ernest Renan
Defined the nation as shared memory and continuing consent rather than race, language, or geography alone.
OPEN THE PROFILE →← PREVIOUSPAGE 1 OF 1NEXT →
Didn't He Say