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Scientists

Scientists and investigators known for work in the natural, mathematical, and medical sciences.

12 PROFILES

Abbasid

Al-Khwarizmi

Wrote foundational mathematical works that gave algebra and algorithm their later names.

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Fatimid

Ibn al-Haytham

Revolutionized optics by arguing that vision occurs through light entering the eye.

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Ghaznavid

Al-Biruni

Combined mathematical astronomy, geography, chronology, and comparative cultural study.

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Ayyubid and Mamluk

Ibn al-Nafis

Described pulmonary circulation in a critique of Galenic anatomy.

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Umayyad Cordoba

Al-Zahrawi

Authored a major surgical encyclopedia with descriptions of instruments and procedures.

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Early Abbasid

Jabir ibn Hayyan

Became the namesake of a large alchemical corpus influential in Islamic and Latin traditions.

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Artuqid

Al-Jazari

Wrote an illustrated engineering manual describing sophisticated machines and automata.

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Norman Sicily

Al-Idrisi

Produced one of the most sophisticated medieval geographical works for the Norman court of Sicily.

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Abbasid

Al-Farghani

Wrote an accessible astronomical summary that became influential in Latin translation.

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AbbasidUNCERTAIN

Thabit ibn Qurra

Translated and extended Greek mathematical and astronomical works in Abbasid Baghdad.

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Victorian science

Thomas Henry Huxley

Coined and defended agnosticism as a discipline of not claiming knowledge beyond evidence.

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Victorian science

Charles Darwin

Changed debates about design, life, and belief by offering a natural mechanism for biological diversity.

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