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Scholars
Scholars who preserved, explained, organized, and defended religious knowledge.
6 PEOPLE
BY ERA
Modern · 1798–1945 · 6 FIGURES IN THIS ERA
Modern
Fazlur Rahman
Developed a modern hermeneutic for reading Quranic ethics across changing historical contexts.
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Ismail al-Faruqi
Argued for a unified Islamic worldview across knowledge, ethics, and academic disciplines.
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Muhammad Abduh
Promoted legal, educational, and theological reform in response to modern challenges.
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Rashid Rida
Used publishing and Quran commentary to spread reformist debates across the Arabic-speaking world.
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Said Nursi
Developed a Quran-centered apologetic and spiritual program under modern Turkish secular pressure.
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Swami Vivekananda
Presented Vedanta and yoga to global audiences and helped shape modern Hindu self-understanding.
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