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The figures

Thinkers

Thinkers whose arguments, critiques, and frameworks shaped major intellectual debates.

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Twentieth century · 1901–2000 · 3 FIGURES IN THIS ERA

Twentieth-century secular humanism

Corliss Lamont

Popularized secular humanism as a naturalistic philosophy of ethics, democracy, and human welfare.

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Twentieth-century secular humanism

Paul Kurtz

Built major institutions for secular humanism, skepticism, and naturalistic ethics.

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Twentieth-century philosophy

Simone de Beauvoir

Analyzed womanhood as historically constructed and made existentialist philosophy central to feminist theory.

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