The figures

Thinkers

Thinkers whose arguments, critiques, and frameworks shaped major intellectual debates.

3 PEOPLE

BY ERA

Enlightenment · 1685–1815 · 3 FIGURES IN THIS ERA

Adam Smith

Gave liberal political economy a powerful account of markets, specialization, moral sympathy, and state limits.

Presented one of the most explicit Enlightenment defenses of atheistic materialism.

Made one of the classic Enlightenment arguments for women's rational education and civil equality.

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