What is its final source of truth?

The Qur'an — God's own speech — and the authentic Sunnah of His Messenger ﷺ. Everything else is human opinion about them.

Evidence and reason: observation, experiment, and logical argument, with the scientific method as the most reliable truth-finding tool humans have built. No text, person, or feeling outranks the evidence.

Reason working on evidence — with the standing admission that this source may simply run out before the ultimate questions are answered. Agnosticism is precisely the refusal to swap in another source when it does.

God, revealed above all in Jesus Christ — 'I am the way, the truth, and the life' (John 14:6) — and witnessed to in the Bible. Protestants make Scripture the final authority; Catholics and Orthodox place Scripture within the church's living Tradition.

The Torah as God's revelation, read through the Oral Torah — the rabbinic tradition recorded in the Mishnah and Talmud. Pirkei Avot opens with the chain: Moses received Torah at Sinai and handed it on, generation to generation.

The Dhamma — the way things actually are, discovered (not invented) by the Buddha in his awakening and confirmed in the practitioner's own experience. His word carries the weight of testimony from one who saw, not of revelation from a god.

Shruti — "what was heard": the Vedas with their Upanishads, held to be eternal truth received by the ancient seers. Alongside them most traditions treat the direct experience of realized sages as confirming testimony; no central authority exists to fix a single reading.

The divine word (bani) spoken through the ten Gurus and enshrined in the Guru Granth Sahib — the scripture that has been the community's living Guru since 1708.

For public decisions: public reason — evidence and arguments any citizen can weigh regardless of creed, as Rawls formulated it. On ultimate truth it deliberately names no final source; that question is left to each citizen.

There is no single infallible source. Truth is whatever survives open inquiry — evidence and reason, with science as the most reliable method humans have found.

No single oracle. Human reason and experience, tested in open debate where any claim — including liberalism's own — may be challenged; Mill argued that truth needs its critics to stay alive.

No single final source: feminism rests its case on reasoned argument from the equal dignity of persons, on women's lived experience, and on empirical research into how societies actually treat women.

It names no single final source. Truth about the nation is found in its shared history, language, and culture, and — for civic nationalists like Renan — in the living will of its people, the 'daily plebiscite.' It claims no revelation.