When and where did this worldview first appear?

Islam means submission to the One God; a muslim is one who submits. In that sense it is as old as humanity — every prophet preached the oneness of God. As a revealed law, Islam began with the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in Mecca, around 610 CE.

Doubt and denial of the gods are ancient — materialist schools existed in Greece (Democritus, Epicurus) and India (Carvaka) in the first millennium BCE — but atheism as an open, argued position emerged in Enlightenment Europe in the 18th century.

Suspending judgement about the gods is ancient — Protagoras wrote 'concerning the gods, I cannot know' in the 5th century BCE — but the word and the self-conscious position date to T.H. Huxley in London, 1869.

In the 1st century CE, in Roman-ruled Judea, among the followers of Jesus of Nazareth after his crucifixion (c. 30–33 CE).

It traces itself to the covenant with Abraham and the covenant at Sinai under Moses; as a historical tradition it took shape in ancient Israel during the first millennium BCE.

In the Ganges basin of northern India, around the 5th century BCE, with the teaching career of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.

It has no single founder or founding moment. Its oldest layer, the Vedas, was composed in northwest India roughly 1500–1200 BCE, and the tradition grew over the following millennia.

In Punjab, in the north of South Asia, in the late 15th century CE, with the teaching of Guru Nanak (1469–1539).

As a named program, in mid-19th-century Britain — George Holyoake coined 'secularism' in 1851. Its roots are older: Locke's argument for toleration (1689) and the American and French separations of church and state.

Its ethical core is ancient (Confucius, Greek philosophy); its name comes from the Renaissance 'humanists' of the 14th–16th centuries; organized modern humanism dates to the 19th–20th centuries, with the Humanist Manifesto (1933) as a landmark.

In 17th–18th-century Europe. Locke's Two Treatises of Government (1689) is the usual starting point; the word 'liberal' as a political label first attached to the Spanish Liberales in the early 19th century.

Advocacy for women's standing appears throughout history, but feminism as a named movement is modern: Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) mark its recognized beginnings.

Loyalty to one's people is ancient, but nationalism — the doctrine that humanity divides into nations and each nation deserves its own state — is modern. Most historians date it to late-18th-century Europe, around the French Revolution.