The figures

Rulers

Rulers and political authorities whose decisions shaped communities, law, and historical memory.

3 PEOPLE

BY ERA

Modern · 1798–1945 · 3 FIGURES IN THIS ERA

Jawaharlal Nehru

Helped define Indian secularism as a plural constitutional framework for a religiously diverse society.

Built a secular Turkish republic through sweeping reforms of law, education, script, and state institutions.

Linked nationalism, democracy, and livelihood in a program for Chinese republican revolution.

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