Is there a soul, or a consciousness beyond the brain?

Yes. The soul is breathed in by God (Qur'an 32:9) and returns to Him at death (Qur'an 39:42). No arrangement of matter explains why anyone is aware.

Most hold there is no soul: the mind depends entirely on the brain, as the effects of injury, drugs, anesthesia, and aging on personality and memory show. When the brain stops, they conclude, the person ends.

No doctrine. Most modern agnostics defer to neuroscience for what can be tested and suspend judgement past it; Huxley himself argued that consciousness accompanies brain activity without steering it, but that was his science, not an agnostic article of faith.

Yes. Christian tradition teaches that each person has a soul that outlives bodily death and is reunited with a resurrected body at the end (Matthew 10:28; 1 Corinthians 15). Theologians differ on the details — Aquinas saw the soul not as a ghost inside the body but as its 'form,' what makes it a living human.

Yes: God breathes the breath of life into the human being, and the daily liturgy has each person say, 'My God, the soul You placed within me is pure.' Classical Judaism holds that the soul survives death and will be rejoined to the body at the resurrection.

There is consciousness beyond any one body, but no soul: the doctrine of anatta (non-self) denies a permanent, unchanging self. What continues — within a life and across lives — is a causally connected stream of mental events, not a fixed «me.»

Yes: the atman, which the Gita says is never born and never dies, passing through bodies as a person changes worn-out clothes. The schools differ on its final status — Advaita says all atman is one and identical with Brahman; Dvaita insists souls are many and eternally distinct from God.

Yes: each person carries a soul, a spark of the divine light, which passes through many births until — freed from ego — it merges into God as water merges into water.

It makes no claim about the soul. Locke's founding argument was precisely that the care of souls is not the magistrate's business — the state cannot compel inward belief and should not try.

No separate soul is affirmed. Manifesto II states that, as far as the evidence shows, the personality is a function of the living body and does not survive its death.

No doctrine of the soul. What liberalism protects is the conscience itself — the freedom to hold, change, or abandon any answer about the soul without penalty.

No position: nothing in feminism affirms or denies a soul. Religious feminists affirm one from their faith; secular feminists typically do not.

No claim is made about the human soul. Renan did call the nation 'a soul, a spiritual principle' — but he meant shared memories and present consent, a metaphor for community, not an account of souls.