The question paper · 28 · The foundational texts

Are there different versions, disputed passages, or debates about the original wording?

13 WORLDVIEWS · THE SAME QUESTION · EVERY ANSWER CARRIES ITS SOURCES
AtheismANSWERED

Ordinary textual scholarship applies — Lucretius' text, for instance, is reconstructed from a handful of medieval manuscripts — but nothing hangs on the wording: no doctrine depends on any manuscript, and a corrupted line changes no one's worldview.

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AgnosticismANSWERED

No disputed manuscripts — these are modern printed works with settled texts. The live disputes are about meaning: chiefly whether Huxley intended agnosticism as a bare method of inquiry or as a substantive position about God, a debate his own essays feed from both sides.

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ChristianityANSWERED

Yes, and Christian scholars document them openly: the longer ending of Mark (16:9–20) and the story of the woman caught in adultery (John 7:53–8:11) are absent from the earliest manuscripts and are bracketed in modern Bibles, and the Trinitarian wording of 1 John 5:7 is a late addition. Scholars also debate how the first three Gospels relate — most hold that Matthew and Luke drew on Mark — and the branches differ over the Old Testament deuterocanon.

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BuddhismANSWERED

Yes: three main canons survive (Pali, Chinese, Tibetan) with overlapping but not identical contents, and the Theravada does not accept the Mahayana sutras as the Buddha's word. Scholars compare the Pali suttas with their Chinese parallels to trace the earliest shared core.

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HinduismANSWERED

Yes, and they are openly studied: the Vedas survive in only a few of their once-many recensions (shakhas); the Mahabharata differs so much across manuscripts that scholars in Pune spent decades producing a critical edition; and suspected interpolations in texts like the Manusmriti are actively debated. Because authority is spread across a whole library, no single disputed passage carries the weight it would in a one-book religion.

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HumanismANSWERED

Yes, and openly: the three manifestos differ on purpose. Manifesto I’s religious framing and socialist-leaning economics were dropped in 1973; the confident tone of II was softened in 2003. There is no dispute about wording — every draft and signature is on the public record.

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LiberalismANSWERED

The texts are modern and well documented, so there is no lost-original problem; drafts and editions sit in archives. The disputes are interpretive — what Locke's property chapter licenses, or whether Mill's On Liberty squares with his Utilitarianism — and they are fought openly in the scholarly literature.

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FeminismANSWERED

No disputed original wordings — these are modern printed works. The notable textual dispute is over translation: the 1953 English Second Sex cut and blurred the original and was widely criticized, leading to a full retranslation in 2009.

S. de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (trans. Borde & Malovany-Chevallier, 2009; translators' note)

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NationalismANSWERED

The texts are modern publications, well preserved; the disputes are over meaning, not wording — whether Fichte's Addresses prefigure chauvinism, how far Renan's civic definition was sincere, and which thinker truly speaks for the tradition.

SOURCES: Nationalism

E. Kedourie, Nationalism; standard critical editions of Fichte and Renan

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THE SAME WORDING, PUT TO EVERY WORLDVIEW — EACH ANSWERS IN ITS OWN TERMS, IN ITS STRONGEST FORM

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