What does its name mean, and where does the name come from?

Islām is Arabic for surrender: giving oneself wholly to the One God — and a muslim is one who does. The word shares its root, s-l-m, with salām, peace: the peace found in that surrender. The name is the Qur'an's own (Qur'an 5:3), and so is the word "Muslims" (Qur'an 22:78) — neither is taken from a founder or a people.

Greek atheos ("without god").

Greek a- ("without") + gnosis ("knowledge") — coined by Thomas Huxley in 1869.

From Greek Christos ("anointed one"), translating Hebrew Mashiach (Messiah).

From Judah, one of the twelve tribes of Israel.

From Buddha, "the awakened one."

From Sindhu (the Indus River); term applied externally before being adopted.

"Sikh" — Punjabi for "disciple" or "learner."

Latin saeculum ("worldly age"); term coined by G.J. Holyoake

Latin humanitas, emphasizing human-centered thought.

Latin liber ("free"); political use crystallized in 19th c.

From Latin femina ("woman"); term coined in 19th c. French.

From Latin natio ("people, tribe").